Which of the following is a potential consequence of untreated pyelonephritis?

Untreated pyelonephritis can lead to several serious complications, making it crucial to recognize the full spectrum of potential outcomes. One of the most significant consequences is renal failure, which occurs when the kidneys are unable to function properly due to prolonged infection and inflammation. The high levels of bacteria in the kidneys can damage kidney tissues and block urine flow, ultimately impairing kidney function significantly.

Septicemia, or sepsis, is another critical concern related to untreated pyelonephritis. The infection can enter the bloodstream, leading to a systemic inflammatory response that can cause organ failure and be life-threatening.

Dehydration is also a potential outcome, as patients with pyelonephritis often experience fever, chills, and reduced appetite, leading to decreased fluid intake. Additionally, symptoms like nausea and vomiting can further complicate fluid balance, leading to dehydration.

Given the severity and the range of possible complications stemming from untreated pyelonephritis, selecting "All of the above" comprehensively encompasses the serious consequences that can arise from a lack of treatment, highlighting the multifaceted risks involved.