Which of the following conditions may lead to increased levels of anxiety or depression in chronic illness?

Chronic cardiac failure can significantly contribute to increased levels of anxiety or depression due to several factors. The debilitating nature of chronic cardiac conditions often leads to a diminished quality of life, as patients may experience persistent symptoms such as breathlessness, fatigue, and limitations in physical activities. This can provoke feelings of helplessness and loss of control over one’s health and lifestyle, heightening anxiety.

Furthermore, the frequent medical interventions, hospitalizations, and the ongoing management of a chronic cardiac condition can create stress and emotional strain. Patients may also worry about the progressive nature of the disease, potential complications, or the impact on their long-term prognosis, which can further lead to feelings of anxiety and depression.

Long-term chronic illnesses like heart failure often require adaptations in daily life, including changes in work, family dynamics, and social interactions, all of which can exacerbate feelings of isolation and despair, leading to higher incidences of mental health issues.

In contrast, hereditary conditions may not directly cause the same level of anxiety or depression unless they are associated with chronic illness or visible symptoms. Astigmatism, while it may affect quality of life due to vision impairment, typically does not lead to significant anxiety or depression in the same way that chronic illnesses do. Acute injuries