Which aspect of blood glucose varies with the dawn phenomenon?

The dawn phenomenon refers to the natural increase in blood glucose levels that occurs in the early morning hours, typically between 2 a.m. and 8 a.m. This physiological response is related to hormonal changes in the body, particularly the actions of counter-regulatory hormones like cortisol, glucagon, and epinephrine, which increase insulin resistance and promote gluconeogenesis. As a result, many individuals with diabetes may experience a normal morning rise in their blood glucose levels during this period.

Understanding the dawn phenomenon is crucial for individuals managing diabetes, as it highlights the need for potential adjustments in medication or insulin dosages to help control morning blood glucose levels. Recognizing that this rise is a natural physiological process helps differentiate it from other types of blood sugar fluctuations that may be influenced by dietary intake or exercise.