What phenomenon describes the normal rise in blood sugar levels in the morning?

The dawn phenomenon refers to the natural increase in blood glucose levels that occurs in the early morning, typically between 2 AM and 8 AM. This rise is largely due to the body's hormonal changes that occur during the night, particularly the increase in counter-regulatory hormones such as cortisol, glucagon, and epinephrine. These hormones promote gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, leading to elevated blood sugar levels as the body prepares for the day ahead.

This phenomenon is particularly significant for individuals with diabetes, as they may not have enough insulin to counteract this natural rise in glucose, leading to higher fasting blood glucose levels in the morning. Understanding the dawn phenomenon is crucial for managing diabetes effectively, as it suggests the need for adjustments in medication or insulin timing.

The other terms in the choices refer to different mechanisms. The Somogyi effect describes a response to hypoglycemia, resulting in high blood glucose levels due to a counter-regulatory hormonal response. Insulin resistance refers to the body's decreased sensitivity to insulin and is a separate concept related to the development of type 2 diabetes. A hypoglycemic episode is a state of low blood sugar, which is not related to the normal physiological changes that occur in the morning.