What is the role of alpha fetoprotein screening during pregnancy?

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) screening during pregnancy is primarily used to assess for fetal anomalies. AFP is a protein produced by the fetal liver, and its levels can indicate potential issues in the developing fetus. An abnormal AFP level may suggest conditions such as neural tube defects (NTDs), including spina bifida, or chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome.

Higher than normal levels of AFP can indicate that the fetus may have a greater risk of these congenital anomalies, prompting further diagnostic testing, such as ultrasound or amniocentesis, to confirm any suspicions. In contrast, the other options do not directly relate to the purpose of AFP screening: maternal depression screening requires different assessments; assessing for maternal diabetes typically involves glucose tolerance testing; and while measurements of fetal growth are important during pregnancy, they are usually gauged through ultrasound and not via AFP testing.