Edema resulting from extravascular fluid retention can commonly be seen in which of the following conditions?

Edema resulting from extravascular fluid retention is most commonly associated with heart failure. In this condition, the heart's ability to pump blood effectively is compromised, leading to a backlog of blood in the venous system. This increased venous pressure causes fluid to leak out of the capillaries and accumulate in the surrounding tissues, resulting in edema.

In heart failure, the body also retains sodium and water in an attempt to increase blood volume and maintain cardiac output, further contributing to fluid overload and edema. The typical presentation can include swelling in the lower extremities, abdominal swelling (ascites), or generalized edema depending on the class and stage of heart failure.

Other options present conditions that do not primarily lead to the same type of fluid retention and edema. Pneumonia typically leads to localized inflammation and fluid in the lungs rather than systemic edema. Gastritis involves inflammation of the stomach lining, which may cause abdominal discomfort and other gastrointestinal symptoms, but not significant fluid retention in tissues. Diabetes may cause edema in specific circumstances, often related to other factors like kidney involvement or peripheral vascular issues, but is not a primary cause of extravascular fluid retention in the way heart failure is.